An account of the occurrence of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in animal-derived products: a case study on Brazilian supply chains.

Brazil plays an important role in ensuring its position on the international market by assuring high food safety standards for its products, and all products should meet the requirements for residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in animal products. Statutory monitoring provides insights into the compliance of the Brazilian industry regarding these legal requirements. The objective of this study was to provide insight into the safety of Brazilian animal products by reporting the occurrence of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants according to an analysis of an 11-year report published by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA). Between 2010 and 2021, 166,647 samples from animal-derived products were analyzed in Brazil, and 624 of those samples were non-compliant (0.37%) exceeding maximum residue limits (>MRLs) or showed the presence of prohibited substances. The most common types of substances found in the non-compliant samples were heavy metals, parasiticides, and antimicrobials, accounting for 82% of all documents from the MAPA. Among Brazilian products, the challenge related to occurrence of substances varied across the food supply chain, with highest incidence rates observed in the fish chain, followed by eggs, milk, equids, sheep/goat, honey, bovine, swine, and broilers chains in decreasing order. Considering the type of substance, heavy metals were found to be more prevalent in fish products, mainly arsenic in wild fish. The prevalence of contaminants and heavy metals decreased, while that of veterinary drugs increased in Brazilian products from 2010 to 2021. From these results, it can be concluded that the number of accidental incidents including those associated with environmental contaminants decreased over the last decade, opposed to those involving human adversaries and deliberate illegal actions, such as the abuse of veterinary drugs, increased. Future monitoring plans need to take this paradigm shift into account.

Forage cactus as an additive in corn without the cob silages of feedlot sheep diets.

This study aimed to assess the impact of adding forage cactus as an additive to the production of corn silage without the cob on the performance of feedlot sheep and subsequent silage losses. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of three treatments: corn silage without cob; 0% = 100% corn plant without the cob; 10% = 90% corn plant without cob + 10% forage cactus; 20% = 80% corn plant without cob + 20% forage cactus. Significant effects were observed for dry matter intake (P = 0.0201), organic matter (P = 0.0152), ether extract (P = 0.0001), non-fiber carbohydrates (P = 0.0007). Notably, nutrient digestibility showed significant differences in organic matter (P = 0.0187), ether extract (P = 0.0095), neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.0005), non-fiber carbohydrates (P = 0.0001), and metabolizable energy (P = 0.0001). Performance variables, including total weight gain (P = 0.0148), average daily weight gain (P = 0.0148), feeding efficiency, and rumination efficiency of dry matter (P = 0.0113), also exhibited significant effects. Consequently, it is recommended to include 20% forage cactus in corn silage, which, based on natural matter, helps meet animals' water needs through feed. This inclusion is especially vital in semi-arid regions and aids in reducing silage losses during post-opening silo disposal.

International regional competitiveness of rural territories as a factor of their socio-economic development: Methodological aspects.

The study aims to develop a scientific and methodological approach to the formation of a model for managing the international competitiveness of rural areas based on an assessment of the existing export and production potential to form priorities for their socio-economic development. Research methods involve a systematic approach, an integrated approach, an algorithmization using methods of integral assessment of competitiveness, etc. The research allowed the development of a conceptual model for managing the international competitiveness of rural regions. The model includes a variable list of determinants and indicators of the formation of competitive advantages of rural territories depending on the export-production potential and strategic goals of their development. The paper presents a model management algorithm and a set of complementary methodological techniques used to assess international and regional competitiveness. The scientific novelty lies in the developed scientific and methodological approaches and practical recommendations for the formation of international and regional competitiveness in rural areas. Moreover, a system of determinants of the competitiveness formation of rural territories and a system of indicators for its assessment have been developed.

Project management and circular economy in agribusiness: A systematic literature review.

This article aims to identify how project management can enable the introduction of circular economy (CE) in agribusiness. The methodological strategy used was the systematic literature review. The research corpus consisted of 70 articles selected from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. For screening, the Rayyan platform was used, and the analysis process was carried out by categorization and grouping of terms and concepts with the help of Excel software. The evidence shown the efforts to reduce agro-waste and how to transform them into by-products. Barriers, challenges, benefits and opportunities for making the CE viable in agribusiness are presented. Three ways of projecting the CE in agribusiness are identified: (1) project management processes in the integration of the CE in agribusiness, (2) innovative projects and new business models as drivers of the CE in agribusiness and (3) 4.0 technologies integrating the CE in agribusiness based on project management methodologies. Results are limited to terms used in search mechanisms. This research contributes towards identifying project management processes that can enable the CE in agribusiness, particularly by identifying the impacts of the CE in different business areas. The research also contributes in a practical way by providing insights on ways to make the CE viable in agribusiness through project management.

Impact of agribusiness empowerment interventions on youth livelihoods: Insight from Africa.

This study generates evidence to understand the impact of agribusiness empowerment programmes on youth livelihoods in developing countries based on the ENABLE-TAAT programme implemented in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda. A multistage sampling technique was used in obtaining primary agribusiness-level data from a sample of 1435 young agripreneurs from the study countries. An Endogenous Treatment Effect Regression (ETER) model was used to assess the impact of programme participation on youth livelihoods (income and food security). Results show that participation significantly increased youth's agripreneurship income by 7% and improved food security by 75% for the pooled analysis. The country disaggregation results show that participation led to a 54% and 37% increase in the income of participants in Nigeria and Uganda, respectively. Also, positive and significant impacts were obtained for food security in the two East African countries. These findings suggest policy interventions or programmes focusing on youth agribusiness empowerment, particularly those that target young actors along different agricultural value chains. The study also suggests interventions geared towards mitigating constraints to credit access and productive resources by young agripreneurs to ease barriers to working capital and business innovation.

Drivers linking farmers' decision-making with farm performance: A systematic review and future research agenda.

A strong aptitude for making sound decisions on a farm is closely linked to favorable farm outcomes, and this finding has been observed across diverse types of farm businesses and geographic locations. Traditionally, research in farm management has addressed the drivers of decision-making and performance as separate entities; however, this article presents novel evidence on the relationship between farmers' decision-making and farm performance. We also examine this association in various contexts of farm decision-making, spanning the past decade. Our comprehensive review encompasses 24 empirical studies conducted in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The analysis focuses on research topics, performance measures, and methodological perspectives. The findings reveal seven key research topics: farmers' management capacity; the influence of management and farm structure; farmers' emotional attachment to their businesses; personal aspects, farm characteristics, and institutional settings; the significance of farm recordkeeping; joint decisions in farm decision-making processes; and rational inefficiencies in farm decisions. Most studies employed conventional farm performance measures, including financial indicators, technical efficiency, and productivity indicators. Existing studies have predominantly used quantitative methodologies. We also identified research gaps and provide suggestions for future investigations in this field. Our results underscore the pivotal role of decision-making ability in shaping farmers' managerial capacity and, consequently, farm performance.

Cargas de trabalho, precarização e Saúde do Trabalhador no agronegócio no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro / Workloads, precariousness and worker health in agribusiness in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil

RESUMO A expansão do agronegócio no semiárido do nordeste do Brasil tem transformado agricultores camponeses em empregados de empresas de fruticultura, trazendo mudanças para seus modos de vida e trabalho. O estudo objetivou analisar condições, processos e cargas de trabalho no agronegócio de fruticultura. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa em que foram entrevistados empregados do agronegócio. As evidências foram produzidas e analisadas a partir de referenciais do campo Saúde do Trabalhador, fundamentando-se na teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença e adotando 'processos de trabalho' e 'cargas de trabalho' como categorias compreensivas das relações entre trabalho e saúde-doença. Observou-se que a produção agrícola se baseia na monocultura, no uso intensivo de mecanização e de agrotóxicos, e segue os moldes organizacionais da acumulação flexível e do taylorismo e fordismo. O mundo do trabalho vivido pelos empregados é marcado por alienação dos trabalhadores, precarização e intensificação do trabalho, que se concretizam em cargas de trabalho físicas, psíquicas, fisiológicas e, sobretudo, químicas. Estas advêm do uso intenso de agrotóxicos, presentes em todos os ambientes e processos de trabalho investigados. A proteção da saúde desses trabalhadores tensiona o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) a intensificar a vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador, e a saúde coletiva, a incluir a problemática da saúde no debate público sobre os modelos agrícolas nacionais.

ABSTRACT The expansion of agribusiness in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil has transformed self-employed farmers into employees of fruit growing companies, bringing changes to their ways of life and work. The study aimed to analyze conditions, processes and workloads in the fruit growing agribusiness. A qualitative research was carried out in which agribusiness employees were interviewed. Evidence was produced and analyzed based on references from the Occupational Health field, based on the theory of social determination of the health-disease process and adopting 'work processes' and 'workloads' as comprehensive categories of the relationship between work and health-disease. It was observed that agricultural production is based on monoculture, on the intensive use of mechanization and pesticides, and follows the organizational molds of flexible accumulation and Taylorism/Fordism. The world of work experienced by employees is marked by alienation of workers, precariousness and intensification of work, which materialize in physical, psychic, physiological and, above all, chemical workloads. These come from the intense use of pesticides, present in all environments and work processes investigated. Protecting the health of these workers pushes the Unified Health System (SUS) to intensify worker's health surveillance, and collective health to include the issue of health in the public debate on national agricultural models.

Mediterranean Diet, Sustainability, and Tourism-A Study of the Market's Demand and Knowledge.

Globalization intensified competitiveness among agribusinesses worldwide in recent years. The European Commission focused on enhancing sustainable agriculture and food products' territorial uniqueness for competing in the international market. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a model of feeding and lifestyle belonging to the ancient Mediterranean culture, which also embodies a sustainable food system. Therefore, in 2010, UNESCO recognized the MD as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and Sicily (southern Italy) is its official physical site. Despite its worldwide fame, the notion of the MD runs the risk of being mystified because it is described most often as something that does not correspond to what it is holistically. The aim of this study is to know the market demand of the MD by Italian people and foreign tourists in Sicily and the level of knowledge of the MD by users, both consumers and experts. A survey at top Sicilian traditional restaurants with owners/chefs and their clients was carried out. The study provided an in-depth understanding of the current lack of knowledge about the holistic meaning of the MD. The study highlights the desirability of integrated science-policy actions (also for communication) and proposes a vertical communication system to revive and direct the MD demand toward its holistic model.

Can young agripreneurs improve their skills through agripreneurship empowerment programmes? Evidence from Africa.

This article examined the driving forces behind young agripreneurs' participation in agripreneurship empowerment programmes and estimates the causal impact of programme participation on agripreneurship skills using data from a random cross-section sample of 1435 young agripreneurs in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda. Specifically, the study took evidence from the youth component of the African Development Bank Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation (TAAT) programme, Empowering Novel Agribusiness-Led Employment (ENABLE). An endogenous switching model was used to identify factors that significantly informed participation decisions and assess the programme's impact on youth agripreneurship skills. Age, education, agripreneurship experience, business level, current residence, and training perception significantly influenced participation. Even though both programme participants and non-participants had high agripreneurship skills scores, participants had higher scores across the three countries than non-participants. The causal impact estimation from the switching regression model also indicates that participation has a positive and significant impact on agripreneurship skills, which implies that the higher score achieved by participants could be attributed to their involvement in the ENABLE-TAAT programme. These results suggest raising awareness of youth agribusiness empowerment programmes and encouraging youth to participate more actively. Additionally, the result suggests the need to implement strategies that could change young people's negative perception of agricultural interventions for increased participation.

Tendência dos acidentes de trabalho no agronegócio em Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2008 a 2017 / Agribusiness occupational accidents trend in Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2008 to 2017

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal dos indicadores de acidentes de trabalho (AT) e de outros agravos à saúde relacionados à produção agropecuária de Mato Grosso, no período de 2008 a 2017. Métodos: trata-se de estudo ecológico, com análise de tendência e correlação entre indicadores de produção agropecuária, florestal, mineral e AT. Resultados: as atividades econômicas do agronegócio com maior contribuição aos AT foram: abate e fabricação de produtos de carnes (16,9%) e agricultura (12,3%). Taxas de AT mais elevadas foram observadas nos municípios considerados os maiores produtores agropecuários (Paranatinga, Barra do Garças, Alta Floresta e Sorriso). Evidenciou-se que 58,4% dos AT no estado foram relacionados ao agronegócio. Foi encontrada correlação positiva e significativa entre o valor adicionado bruto e a taxa de incidência (r = 0,303; p < 0,001), mortalidade (r = 0,368; p < 0,001) e letalidade (r = 0,390; p < 0,001) por AT. Identificou-se tendência crescente na variação percentual anual de 7,3% (IC95%: 6,1;8,6) do esforço produtivo (hectare/habitante), de 6,2% (IC95%: 5,2;7,3) do esforço produtivo (exposição agrotóxico/habitante) e de 6,2% (IC95%: 4,1;8,3) das internações por neoplasias, bem como do crescimento da produção agrícola, dos insumos agrícolas e dos agravos à saúde. Conclusão: a maioria dos AT foram relacionados ao agronegócio, predominantemente nas atividades de frigoríficos e agricultura. Houve correlação positiva entre indicadores de produção agropecuária e de ocorrências e mortes por AT.

Objective: to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of occupational accident (OA) indicators and other agribusiness-related health issues in Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2008 to 2017. Methods: ecological study using trend analysis and correlation calculation between agricultural, forestry, mineral production and OA indicators. Results: slaughtering and meat production (16.9%) and agriculture (12.3%) were the agribusiness activities with the highest contribution to OA. Municipalities considered the largest agricultural producers (Paratininga, Barra do Garças, Alta Floresta and Sorriso) showed the highest OA rates. Of the OA registered in the state, 58.4% were agribusiness-related. Gross value added presented a positive and significant correlation with the incidence rate (r = 0.303; p < 0.001), mortality (r = 0.368; p < 0.001) and lethality (r = 0.390; p < 0.001) by OA. Analysis showed an increasing trend in the annual percentage variation of 7.3% (95%CI: 6.1;8.6) in productive effort (hectare/ inhabitant), 6.2% (95%CI: 5.2;7.3) in productive effort (pesticide exposure/inhabitant), and 6.2% (95%CI: 4.1;8.3) in hospitalizations for neoplasms, as well as the growth of agricultural production, agricultural inputs, and health problems. Conclusion: most OAs were related to agribusiness, mainly in meatpacking plants and agriculture. There was a positive correlation between indicators of agricultural production and occupational-related accidents and deaths.

Determinações do suicídio de trabalhadore(a)s no agronegócio na região da Bacia do Rio Juruena, Mato Grosso / Determinations of worker's suicides in agribusiness from Juruena river basis region in the State of Mato Grosso

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as determinações sociais dos suicídios de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras do agronegócio mato-grossense. Destaca-se o suicídio como sintoma da organização social em territórios dominados pela exploração humana e exposição ambiental do agronegócio a partir de autores como Marx e Breilh. Foi realizada uma pesquisa social quanti-qualitativa em três cidades da região noroeste, um dos pólos de produção de commodities do estado. Para a coleta dos dados foi desenvolvido um inquérito de morbidades autoreferidas, aplicado à 1.384 famílias de trabalhadores das três cidades, em seguida, foram feitas entrevistas para reconstituir o estado de saúde física/mental, as relações sociais, de trabalho e demais circunstâncias motivadoras do suicídio por meio de autópsia psicossocial. Foram identificados 16 casos de suicídio ocorridos entre 2000 e 2017, e a maioria envolveu trabalhadores agrícolas ligados às fazendas de produção de soja, milho e algodão. A análise das entrevistas demonstrou aspectos socioeconômicos, laborais, políticos, culturais e socioambientais como determinação desses casos. O estudo contribui para fazer avançar as estratégias de prevenção e de Vigilância em Saúde dos trabalhadores, que incidam nas fontes das exposições aos agrotóxicos e os vários aspectos identificados que compõem as determinações sociais dos casos de suicídio, ampliando a atenção aos múltiplos fatores destes eventos.

This research aims to analyze the social determination of suicides of male and female agribusiness in Mato Grosso. Based in authors such as Marx and Breilh, we understand the workers suicides as a symptom of social organization in territories dominated by human exploitation and environmental exposure of agribusiness. A quanti-qualitative social research was carried out in three cities of the northwestern region of the state of Mato Grosso. For data collection, a survey of self-reported morbidities was carried out, applied to 1,384 families of workers in three cities, then interviews were conducted to reconstruct the state of physical/mental health, social and work relationships and other motivating circumstances through psychosocial autopsy. Sixteen suicides cases were identified that occurred between 2000 and 2017, and the majority of cases involved agricultural workers linked to soybean, corn and cotton farms. The analysis of the interviews showed socioeconomic, labor, political, cultural and socio-environmental aspects as determinants of these cases. The paper contributes to advance prevention strategies and surveillance in workers' health, which focus on the sources of exposure to pesticides and the various aspects identified that make up the social determinations of suicide cases, expanding the attention to the multiple factors of these events.

Innovative price-setting approaches to high-value products: A pricing method for agribusiness farmers.

Despite being determined by global market prices, the majority of Thai farmers have never become innovative price setters. Not many Thai farmers considered a pricing approach that would maximize the value of their agricultural products. To this end, this study provides empirical evidence regarding the impact of marketing-based variables on pricing. This study aims to identify marketing-based determinants involved in innovative, dynamic price settings for value-added agricultural products. We consider two approaches to innovative pricing - segmented (tiered) pricing and peak-load pricing - to see if there is a possibility for such pricing. A sample of 840 agribusiness farmers was collected from different regions of Thailand. Using multigroup structural invariance analysis, the sample was grouped into four types of farmers: rice, sugarcane, maize, and cassava, to see if there were any differences between them in each of the proposed pricing propensities. Our study finds that cassava farmers tend to pay significant attention to market focus, customer and product differentiation, brand orientation, and segment-based mass customization. Other groups of farmers, like rice and sugarcane, tend to set segmented (tiered) pricing as a result of brand orientation and mass customization. As for peak load pricing, market demand and seasonality are significant factors that can be found among four crops. No matter how prices are set on the global market, this study suggests that agribusiness farmers should think about marketing-related factors to stand out from their competitors.

Nanoparticles in association with antimicrobial peptides (NanoAMPs) as a promising combination for agriculture development.

Antimicrobial peptides are small molecules, up to 10 kDa, present in all kingdoms of life, including in plants. Several studies report that these molecules have a broad spectrum of activity, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and insecticidal activity. Thus, they can be employed in agriculture as alternative tools for phytopathogen and pest control. However, the application of peptides in agriculture can present challenges, such as loss of activity due to degradation of these molecules, off-target effects, and others. In this context, nanotechnology can offer versatile structures, including metallic nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanofibers, and others, which might act both in protection and in release of AMPs. Several polymers and biomaterials can be employed for the development of nanostructures, such as inorganic metals, natural or synthetic lipids, synthetic and hybrid polymers, and others. This review addresses the versatility of NanoAMPs (Nanoparticles in association with antimicrobial peptides), and their potential applications in agribusiness, as an alternative for the control of phytopathogens in crops.

Development of a Swine Production Cost Calculation Model.

This paper aims to present a tool that offers pig producers a standard method to calculate and control their production costs and, consequently, provides the necessary information to guide strategic decision-making. Following these premises, a mathematical model to estimate swine production costs were developed using Microsoft Excel® software (version 2207). Case studies were used to assist in the characterization and construction of the model. Through the panel method, the tool was validated by professionals in the sector. Costs were considered according to the Neoclassical Economic Theory of Costs and allocated in the order of variable costs, fixed operating costs, and opportunity costs of capital and land. These costs together create the total cost. The model provides the total cost per batch, per market pig, per arroba, and per kilogram, which facilitates the interpretation of the results and economic evaluations of the system. The model is adaptable to different types of swine farming, as well as the consideration of all costs involved in the production system, whether explicit or implicit. The model developed has the potential to be used as a management tool in commercial swine production systems, assisting the producer in the decision-making process through the management and control of production costs.

Agrotóxicos y Agroindustrias: Discursos para una vida tóxica. Análisis desde la determinación social de la salud / Agrotoxics and the Agribusiness Industry: Discourses for a toxic life. An analysis from a social determinants of health perspective

Resumen En Colombia, la agroindustria utiliza el argumento de que el control de plagas es necesario para alimentar a la población mundial, de esta forma, instala una forma de producción que usa agrotóxicos. Sin embargo, los impactos en la salud es estos productos no existen en los discursos de sus funciones asépticas. La presente investigación utilizó el análisis crítico del discurso (ACD) para caracterizar y analizar los discursos sobre las formas de producción y trabajo que favorecen la exposición a agrotóxicos y los impactos en la salud en las familias de las regiones rurales de Usme y Sumapaz, Colombia. Para ello, se utilizaron diferentes técnicas de recolección de datos cualitativos: observación participante, entrevista semiestructurada e investigación documental. Los discursos muestran la interacción entre formas estructurales que definen la construcción de la realidad desde significados que transforma al sujeto rural, se construyen para el caso de la agroindustria y el uso de agrotóxicos una violencia simbólica institucional. Esta relación discursiva impone una vida cotidiana que naturaliza la exposición a los agrotóxicos y transfiere en las colectividades las responsabilidades sobre los impactos en la salud de estos productos tóxicos.

Abstract In Colombia, the agribusiness industry argues that pest control is essential to feed the world population, establishing a new model of production based on the intensive use of agrotoxics. However, the health impacts of these products are absent from the industry's discourses. This study used critical discourse analysis to analyze and characterize discourses of modes of production and work process that lead to exposure to agrotoxics and health impacts among families in rural areas of Usme and Sumapaz in Colombia. The following data collection techniques were used: participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. The discourses show that interaction between structural forms that define the construction of reality transforms subjects. In the case of agribusiness and the use of agrotoxics, this interaction constitutes institutional symbolic violence. This discursive relationship imposes an everyday life that normalizes exposure to agrotoxics and transfers the responsibility for their health impacts to rural communities.

Agricultura no brasil em tempos de expansão e monopolização do território pelo agronegócio / Agriculture in brazil in times of expansion and monopolization of the territory by agribusiness / La agricultura en brasil en tiempos de expansión y monopolización del territorio por la agroindustria

A agricultura no Brasil em tempos de expansão e monopolização do território pelo agronegócio é o foco do presente artigo desenvolvido fundamentalmente a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica em livros e periódicos, consistindo também em parte do acúmulo analítico de pesquisa de maior escopo. O estudo evidencia os avanços e permanências da agricultura no Brasil, dos primórdios - quando ainda sob hegemonia das oligarquias agrárias -, aos processos mais recentes que, a partir da modernização conservadora, desembocam, na atualidade, na ampla projeção da economia do agronegócio. Os resultados indicam as tensões desse modelo hegemônico contemporâneo, no contraponto às necessidades da agricultura familiar. Com a expansão do território pelo agronegócio, forja-se uma agricultura ultra modernizada para produção em larga escala de commodities para exportação e assentada na velha concentração da propriedade fundiária. Nessa dinâmica, vem sendo produzidas lógicas e teses em confronto, na medida em que as classes subalternizadas, afeitas ao universo familiar na produção e reprodução da vida no campo, colhem os efeitos deletérios da monopolização do território pelo capital, muitas vezes tensionando e resistindo, outras, subsumindo-se ou adaptando-se ao mercado, até por força das necessidades prementes impostas pela pobreza no campo.(AU)

Agriculture in Brazil in times of expansion and monopolization of the territory by agribusiness is the focus of this article, developed fundamentally from bibliographical research in books and periodicals, also consisting in part of the analytical accumulation of larger scope research. The study highlights the advances and permanences of agriculture in Brazil, from the beginnings - when still under the hegemony of agrarian oligarchies -, to the most recent processes that, based on conservative modernization, currently lead to the broad projection of the agribusiness economy. The results indicate the tensions of this contemporary hegemonic model, in counterpoint to the needs of family farming. With the expansion of the territory through agribusiness, an ultra-modernized agriculture for large-scale production of commodities for export is forged, based on the old concentration of land ownership. In this dynamic, conflicting logics and theses have been produced, as subalternized classes, accustomed to the family universe in the production and reproduction of rural life, reap the deleterious effects of the monopolization of territory by capital, often tensioning and resisting, others, subsuming or adapting to the market, even due to the pressing needs imposed by rural poverty.(AU)

La agricultura en Brasil en tiempos de expansión y monopolización del territorio por la agroindustria es el foco de este artículo, desarrollado fundamentalmente a partir de la investigación bibliográfica en libros y revistas, que también consiste en parte del cúmulo analítico de investigaciones de mayor alcance. El estudio destaca los avances y permanencias de la agricultura en Brasil, desde los inicios --cuando aún bajo la hegemonía de las oligarquías agrarias--, hasta los procesos más recientes que, basados en la modernización conservadora, actualmente conducen a la amplia proyección de la economía agroindustrial. Los resultados indican las tensiones de este modelo hegemónico contemporáneo, en contrapunto a las necesidades de la agricultura familiar. Con la expansión del territorio a través de la agroindustria, se forja una agricultura ultramodernizada para la producción a gran escala de commodities de exportación, basada en la antigua concentración de la propiedad de la tierra. En esta dinámica se han producido lógicas y tesis conflictivas, ya que las clases subalternizadas, acostumbradas al universo familiar en la producción y reproducción de la vida rural, cosechan los efectos deletéreos de la monopolización del territorio por parte del capital, a menudo tensionando y resistiendo, otras, subsumiendo. o adaptarse al mercado, incluso debido a las necesidades apremiantes que impone la pobreza rural.(AU)

A bibliometric and thematic approach to agriculture 4.0.

Researchers are developing digital solutions for agriculture. Humanity has perfected agriculture throughout history because this activity is fundamental to our existence. The agricultural sector is currently incorporating new technologies from other areas. This phenomenon is agriculture 4.0. However, a challenge to research is the integration of technologies from different knowledge fields, and this has caused theoretical and practical difficulties. Thus, our purpose with this study has been to understand the core agriculture 4.0 research themes. We have used a bibliometric analysis, and guided the data collection by the PRISMA protocol. VosViewer and Bibliometrix software generated the results. We found two main research fronts, one focussed on agriculture 4.0 development, and another on the impacts of agriculture 4.0, which may be positive or negative. We found 21 main keywords or topics researched in agriculture 4.0 related to these research fronts. These themes are within five different axes. We managed to establish a good understanding of the topics around agriculture 4.0. Future studies could focus on the responsible development of digital solutions for agriculture. This is because the social, environmental, and economic impacts of these new solutions may be positive or negative. We conclude that digital agriculture is the node technologies integration for the automation of agricultural activities.

Bilateral emergency export reserve mechanism under climate change.

Consider that multilateral food aid and regional food security mechanisms may incompletely adapt to the challenges of climate change in future practice. This study proposes a framework of bilateral emergency export reserve mechanism to encourage both participating countries to jointly appoint a transnational agribusiness to manage emergency export reserves as a means of fulfilling its corporate social responsibility (CSR). This mechanism has the features of simplified negotiation, more transparent operating procedures, along with reciprocity in bilateral cooperation, which would provide grain importing countries with a higher degree of safeguarding food security.

Land Rights, Industrialization, and Urbanization: China in Comparative Context.

What do studies of land rights in China contribute to the broader discipline of political science? First, the Chinese case challenges orthodox theories of secure, private property rights as a prerequisite for growth and sheds light on the distinctly fiscal roots of urban bias, a phenomenon pervasive in countries making the transition from agriculture to industry. Second, studies of land grabbing in the Chinese case provide a basis for comparisons of state-society relations in authoritarian vs. democratic regimes. While democratic institutions create more openings for aggrieved actors to organize and shape policy, ordinary citizens in both authoritarian and democratic regimes use protest in order to capture a greater share of rents from land. Third, land grabbing exacerbates inequalities; research on the Chinese case in comparative context shows that exclusionary modes of land ownership and limits on full social and political citizenship are mutually reinforcing across all types of regimes.